The word soil is derived  from Latin word “Solum “  its means Floor or Ground.

Soil crusting is phenomena associated with deteriorationof soil structure, where the natural aggregates break and disperse due to impact of rain drops, followed by rapid drying due to radiant energy of sun. The adverse effects due to soil crust is, 1) Reduce germination, 2) High run off. The soil crust formation is serious problem in Red soils (Alfisols), it’s strength can be evaluated by using penetrometer, Balloon pressure technique, Modulus of rupture test.

The word metamorphic is derived from Greek word, which means change in form. General  the rocks is classified  as 3 types Igneous rocks, Sedimentary rocks, Metamorphic  rocks. So in that change  due to several factors like Heat (Thermo metamorphism), Pressure (Dynamometamorphism)  in that process the  lime stone changed  to Marble due to heat and pressure (Dynamo thermal metamorphism).

The soil colour is a importantparameter, used to classify the soils, it can be determined  by using Munsell colour charts. This chart contains a number of colour chips each colour chip described by three components of colour (Hue, Value, Chroma).

Hue refers to dominant spectral colour.

Value refers to relative darkness or lightness.

Chroma refers to purity of colour.

In 1951 a decision new system of soil classification because to avoid defaults of older system. In that way the modern soil taxonomy was proposed it  contain 12 soil orders and 65 sub orders and G.D Smith is considered as a father of soil  taxonomy.

According to USDA in world 12 soil orders  is there in  that order in India most abundant  soil order is Inceptisols.

In soil taxonomy system total  6 category’s is there in that the highest  category  is order, as well as lowest category  is series.

In soil there is a two type of organism’s is there ,1)Macro fauna  2)micro fauna.  In that way the most dominant  microorganism  in acid soil is Fungi, and as well as normal soils the dominant microorganism is Bacteria.

The vertical section of soil horizons in known as soil profile.

In that there is 4 master horizons is  there  it is O, A, E,B .In that horizons the most cultivation  occurs  in topmost mineral horizon of A.

Zn is the  most of the deficient micronutrient  in Indian  soils , and Nitrogen  is a deficient micronutrient  in Indian soils.