Agriculture Extension Study Material
Subject:- Agriculture Extension
Agriculture Extension Important Study Material
1. Key elements of communication AgriExam.com
| Key elements of communication |
| Sender |
| Message |
| Message treatment i.e. encoding |
| Communication channel/ medium |
| Receiver |
| Receiver’s response |
2. Ingredients in communication
| Ingredients in communication |
| Source |
| Message |
| Channel |
| Receiver |
3. Categories of adopters
| Categories of adopters | Percentage |
| Innovators | 2.5% of total population (Adopt immediate) |
| Early adopter | 13.5 % population |
| Early majority | 34% |
| Late majority | 34 % |
| Laggards | 16% (they adopted innovation in last) |
4. Communication Models
| Model | Element AgriExam.com |
| Aristotles Model | Speaker ->Speech-> Audience |
| Shanon-Weaver Model(1949) | Source ->Transmitter ->Signal ->Receiver ->Destination |
| Weastley & Macheans Model | Sender ->Encoder ->Channel ->Decoder ->Receiver |
| Berlo’s Model (1960) | Source ->Encoder ->Message ->Channel ->Decoder ->Receiver |
| Roger & Shoemaker (S-M-C-R-E) Model | Source ->Massage ->Channel ->Receiver ->Effect |
| Leagen’s Model | Communicator ->Message ->Channel ->Treatment of message ->Audience ->Audience response |
| Lettere Model (1965) | Sender ->Channel ->Receiver ->Noise |
| Schramm, W. Model (1961) | Communication source ->Encoder ->Signal ->Decoder ->Destination |
5. Important Projects and Associated Persons
| Project Name | Associated Person |
| Model village (1903) | Daniel Hamilton |
| Gurgaon Project (1920) | F.L.Brain |
| Shantiniketan (1921) | Ravindra Nath Tagore |
| Rural Reconstruction (1932) | V.T. Krishnachari |
| Marthandom (1928) | Spencer Hatch |
| Sewagram (1920) | M.K.Gandhi |
| Etawah Pilot (1948) | Albert Mayor |
| Firka development (1946-47) | T. Prakash & D. Tharugad |
| Nilokheri Experiment (1943, 48) | S.K.Dey |
| Majdoor Manjil (1948) | S.K.Dey |
| Community Development (1952) | S.K.Dey |
| Sarvodaya (1950) | Vinoba Bhave |
| Bhoodan Movement (1951) | Vinoba Bhave |
| Gramdan Movement (1952) | Vinoba Bhave |
| Indian Village Scheme (1945) | S.N.Gupta |
| National Demonstration Scheme (NDS) (1965) | Kalwar and Subramanyam |
| Young Farmer Association (1956) | Deshmukh |
| 3 tier Panchayat Raj (First in Rajasthan) (1959) | B.R.Mehta |
| 2 tier Panchayat Raj (First in Karnataka) (1976) | Ashok Mehta |
| T & V System (16 July 1979) | Daniel Benore |
6. Classification of Extension-teaching Methods
(A) According to use and nature of contact
| Individual contact | Group-contact | Mass community contact |
| Face to face (or) person to person contact Between the rural and extension workers | Group consists of 20-25 persons Groups are formed around common interest | Large number of people are approached at shortest time to disseminate new information |
| It is very effective in teaching new skills | It involves face-to-face exchanges and discussions | It is the quick method |
| Examples:
1.Farm and Home visit 2.Office calls 3.Telephone calls 4.Personal letters |
Examples:
1.Method and Result demonstrations 2.National demonstrations 3.Leader-training meetings 4.Conferences 5.Discussion metting 6.Workshops 7.Field trips 8.Forum 9.Symposiums |
Examples:
1.Bulletins 2.Leaflets 3.Newspapers 4.Circulars 5.Radio 6.Televisions 7.Exhibitions 8.Fairs 9.Posters 10.Campaigns |
(B) According to form AgriExam.com
| 1.Written | 2.Spoken |
| 1.Leaflets
2.Folder 3.News articles 4.Personal letters 5.Circulars |
1.General and Special meetings
2.Farm and Home visit 3.Official calls 4.Telephone calls 5.Radio |
| Suitable for literates only | Suitable for both literates and illiterates |
| 3.Objective or Visual | |
| 1.Result demonstration
2.Demonstration by posters 3.Motion pictures (or) movies 4.Charts 5.Slides 6.Film strips 7.Models 8.Exhibitions
|
9. Posters
10.Flannel graphs 11.Flash cards 12.Puppet shows 13.Photographs 14.Blackboards 15.Cultural programmes |
| Suitable for both literates and illiterates | |
7. Teaching steps
| Teaching steps AgriExam.com |
| Attention |
| Interest |
| Desire |
| Conviction |
| Action |
| Satisfaction |
8. 4H-Club (1900- USA) by A.B. Graham.
| 4H-Club AgriExam.com |
| Heart |
| Head |
| Hand |
| Health |
9. Factors influencing Learning
| Factors influencing Learning |
| Kinds of Material |
| Sex of learner |
| Age of learner |
| Motivation |
10. Audio Visual Aids
| Audio Aids AgriExam.com | |
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| Visual Aids | |
| Projected | Non Projected |
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| Audio Visual Aids | |
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Agriculture Extension Study Material
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